# 2.2. Formats of a system

Two binaray formats, NumPy and HDF5, are supported for training. The raw format is not directly supported, but a tool is provided to convert data from the raw format to the NumPy format.

## 2.2.1. NumPy format

In a system with the Numpy format, the system properties are stored as text files ending with .raw, such as type.raw amd type_map.raw, under the system directory. If one needs to train a non-periodic system, an empty nopbc file should be put under the system directory. Both input and labeled frame properties are saved as the NumPy binary data (NPY) files ending with .npy in each of the set.* directories. Take an example, a system may contain the following files:

type.raw
type_map.raw
nopbc
set.000/coord.npy
set.000/energy.npy
set.000/force.npy
set.001/coord.npy
set.001/energy.npy
set.001/force.npy


We assume that the atom types do not change in all frames. It is provided by type.raw, which has one line with the types of atoms written one by one. The atom types should be integers. For example the type.raw of a system that has 2 atoms with 0 and 1:

$cat type.raw 0 1  Sometimes one needs to map the integer types to atom name. The mapping can be given by the file type_map.raw. For example $ cat type_map.raw
O H


The type 0 is named by "O" and the type 1 is named by "H".

For training models with descriptor se_atten, a new system format is supported to put together the frame-sparse systems with the same atom number.

## 2.2.2. HDF5 format

A system with the HDF5 format has the same strucutre as the Numpy format, but in a HDF5 file, a system is organized as an HDF5 group. The file name of a Numpy file is the key in a HDF5 file, and the data is the value to the key. One need to use # in a DP path to divide the path to the HDF5 file and the HDF5 key:

/path/to/data.hdf5#H2O


Here, /path/to/data.hdf5 is the path and H2O is the key. There should be some data in the H2O group, such as H2O/type.raw and H2O/set.000/force.npy.

A HDF5 files with a large number of systems has better performance than multiple NumPy files in a large cluster.

## 2.2.3. Raw format and data conversion

A raw file is a plain text file with each information item written in one file and one frame written on one line. It’s not directly supported, but we provide a tool to convert them.

In the raw format, the property of one frame are provided per line, ending with .raw. Take an example, the default files that provide box, coordinate, force, energy and virial are box.raw, coord.raw, force.raw, energy.raw and virial.raw, respectively. Here is an example of force.raw:

$cat force.raw -0.724 2.039 -0.951 0.841 -0.464 0.363 6.737 1.554 -5.587 -2.803 0.062 2.222 -1.968 -0.163 1.020 -0.225 -0.789 0.343  This force.raw contains 3 frames with each frame having the forces of 2 atoms, thus it has 3 lines and 6 columns. Each line provides all the 3 force components of 2 atoms in 1 frame. The first three numbers are the 3 force components of the first atom, while the second three numbers are the 3 force components of the second atom. Other files are organized similarly. The number of lines of all raw files should be identical. One can use the script $deepmd_source_dir/data/raw/raw_to_set.sh to convert the prepared raw files to the NumPy format. For example, if we have a raw file that contains 6000 frames,

$ls box.raw coord.raw energy.raw force.raw type.raw virial.raw$ $deepmd_source_dir/data/raw/raw_to_set.sh 2000 nframe is 6000 nline per set is 2000 will make 3 sets making set 0 ... making set 1 ... making set 2 ...$ ls
box.raw  coord.raw  energy.raw  force.raw  set.000  set.001  set.002  type.raw  virial.raw


It generates three sets set.000, set.001 and set.002, with each set contains 2000 frames with the Numpy format.